Acute radiation
Acute Radiation Sickness
Radiation sickness , known as acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning, results from exposure to a high dose of radiation within a short timeframe. The severity of the illness is determined by the absorbed dose of radiation, with symptoms varying accordingly.
Symptoms
The intensity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on the level of radiation absorption, which, in turn, is influenced by factors such as the energy strength of the radiation, duration of exposure, and distance from the radiation source. Additionally, symptom severity is affected by the type of exposure—total or partial body—and the sensitivity of the affected tissues. Notably, tissues like the gastrointestinal system and bone marrow are particularly sensitive to radiation.
Initial Symptoms
Typically, the first symptoms of treatable radiation sickness manifest as nausea and vomiting. The timeframe between exposure and symptom onset provides insight into the extent of radiation absorption. Following the initial symptoms, individuals may experience a brief period without noticeable illness, followed by the emergence of more severe symptoms. The onset of symptoms may vary depending on the level of exposure, ranging from hours to weeks for mild exposure and minutes to days for high exposure.
Possible symptoms include
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Headache
- Fever
- Dizziness and disorientation
- Weakness and fatigue
- Hair loss
- Bloody vomit and stools due to internal bleeding
- Infections
- Low blood pressure
When to See a Doctor
In the event of an accident or attack resulting in radiation sickness, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Pay attention to emergency instructions provided through radio, television, or online sources for guidance in your area.
Causes
Radiation sickness occurs due to exposure to a high dose of radiation, emitted as either waves or tiny particles from atoms. High-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body, with bone marrow cells and the intestinal lining being particularly vulnerable.
Risk Factors
Exposure to high-dose radiation increases the risk of radiation sickness. Potential sources of such radiation include accidents at nuclear facilities, attacks on such facilities, detonation of radioactive devices, dirty bombs, and nuclear weapon explosions.
Complications
Radiation sickness can lead to both short-term and long-term mental health issues, including grief, fear, and anxiety. Concerns may arise regarding experiencing a radioactive incident, mourning lost loved ones, coping with a potentially fatal illness, and worrying about the risk of cancer due to radiation exposure.
Prevention
During a radiation emergency, follow protective measures recommended by local, state, and federal authorities, which may include sheltering in place or evacuating the area. If advised to stay put, secure your surroundings, move to an inner room or basement, and stay informed through emergency networks. In case of evacuation, adhere to instructions from local authorities and gather essential supplies for travel, while considering restrictions on pets at emergency shelters.