Campylobacter Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

Campylobacter infection, caused by the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting humans worldwide. It is primarily associated with foodborne transmission, especially through consumption of contaminated poultry, unpasteurized milk, and untreated water sources. This infection can lead to gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and nausea.

Symptoms of Campylobacter Infection

The symptoms of Campylobacter infection typically appear within 2 to 5 days after exposure to the bacterium. They commonly include:

• Severe abdominal cramps
• Diarrhea, sometimes bloody
• Fever
• Nausea
• Vomiting

In some cases, symptoms can be more severe, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, young children, and the elderly.

Causes and Transmission

Campylobacter jejuni bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of birds, particularly poultry such as chickens, where they do not cause harm. However, when these bacteria contaminate food products or water consumed by humans, they can cause infection. Transmission occurs through:

• Consumption of undercooked or raw poultry
• Drinking unpasteurized milk
• Eating contaminated fruits and vegetables
• Handling infected animals or their feces
• Drinking untreated water

Treatment Options

Most cases of Campylobacter infection resolve on their own without specific medical treatment. However, in severe cases or for individuals at higher risk of complications, medical intervention may be necessary. Treatment options include:

• Fluid Replacement: Important to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting.
• Antibiotics: Sometimes prescribed for severe cases or for individuals at risk of complications. Antibiotic resistance is a concern, so treatment decisions should be guided by healthcare providers.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing Campylobacter infection involves several key strategies:

• Safe Food Handling: Ensure poultry and other meats are cooked thoroughly to kill bacteria.
• Avoid Raw Milk and Untreated Water: Drink only pasteurized milk and treated water.
• Proper Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after handling raw meat, using the bathroom, changing diapers, or handling pets.
• Avoid Cross-Contamination: Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw and cooked foods.

Conclusion

Campylobacter infection is a common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. While most cases are mild and resolve without treatment, severe cases can lead to complications, particularly in vulnerable populations. Practicing safe food handling and hygiene practices are crucial in preventing the spread of this infection.

Sources:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Mayo Clinic