Vocal Cord Paralysis

Vocal cord paralysis, also referred to as vocal fold paralysis, occurs when one or both vocal cords fail to move properly. These cords, essential for breathing, swallowing, and speech production, reside within the larynx above the trachea. When nerve damage affects the muscles controlling the vocal cords, it can impair these vital functions.

Types of Vocal Cord Paralysis

Vocal cord paralysis can be unilateral (affecting one vocal cord) or bilateral (affecting both vocal cords). Unilateral paralysis often causes difficulties in speaking and swallowing, while bilateral paralysis can severely narrow the airway, potentially leading to life-threatening breathing challenges.

Incidence of Vocal Cord Paralysis

Unilateral vocal cord paralysis is more common than bilateral paralysis and can affect individuals of any age.

Symptoms and Causes

Symptoms include a hoarse or breathy voice, changes in vocal pitch or volume, shortness of breath, noisy breathing, and swallowing difficulties. Causes range from autoimmune diseases, infections, and injuries to neurological disorders, exposure to toxins, surgeries, tumors, and idiopathic or post-viral cases.

Diagnosis

Healthcare providers diagnose vocal cord paralysis through various assessments, including imaging studies (MRI, CT scans), laryngoscopy, videostroboscopy, laryngeal electromyography, and blood tests.

Management and Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of paralysis. Mild cases often benefit from voice therapy, while severe cases may require surgery such as vocal cord injections, laryngeal framework surgery, or nerve surgery. Bilateral paralysis might necessitate a tracheostomy for airway management.

Possibility of Repair

In some cases, vocal cords can repair themselves over time. Therapies like voice therapy, injections, or implants can strengthen the voice and improve swallowing and breathing.

Prevention

While prevention may not always be possible, individuals with risk factors should undergo regular check-ups and consider voice therapy to monitor and enhance vocal cord function.

Outlook/Prognosis

Many cases of vocal cord paralysis improve over time with appropriate treatment. Prognosis varies depending on factors such as the number of affected vocal cords and the severity of paralysis.

Living With Vocal Cord Paralysis

Seek medical attention if experiencing symptoms of vocal cord paralysis, especially voice changes or breathing difficulties. Early intervention, including noninvasive treatments like voice therapy, can help avoid surgical interventions. Emergency care is essential for severe cases affecting breathing or swallowing.

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