Corns and calluses are thickened layers of skin that form as a protective response to friction or pressure. They commonly appear on the feet and toes or the hands and fingers.

If you're in good health, you typically don't need treatment for corns and calluses unless they're painful or bothersome. In most cases, simply removing the source of friction or pressure will cause them to fade away.

Symptoms

• Corns : Corns are smaller and deeper than calluses, with a hard center surrounded by inflamed skin. They can be painful when pressed and often develop on the tops or outer edges of toes, especially between them.

• Calluses: Calluses are usually larger and less painful, forming on pressure points such as the heels, balls of the feet, palms, and knees. They vary in size and shape and are often broader than corns.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider if a corn or callus becomes very painful or inflamed. Seek medical attention if you have diabetes or poor blood flow before attempting to self-treat, as even minor foot injuries can lead to serious complications.

Causes

Corns and calluses develop from repeated friction and pressure. Common causes include:

• Ill-fitting shoes and socks: Tight shoes and high heels can squeeze the feet, while loose shoes can cause sliding and rubbing. Socks that don't fit properly can also contribute.
• Going sockless: Wearing shoes or sandals without socks can increase friction.
• Repetitive activities: Playing instruments, using hand tools, or writing can cause calluses on the hands.
• Genetics: Some people inherit a tendency to develop corns and calluses.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing corns and calluses, including:

• Wearing shoes that add pressure or friction.
• Conditions like hammertoe or hallux valgus, which increase foot pressure.
• Genetic predisposition to developing corns.

Complications

Individuals with diabetes or poor blood flow to the feet are at a higher risk of complications from corns and calluses.

Prevention

To prevent corns and calluses:

• Choose the right shoes: Ensure your shoes have enough room for your toes to move freely. Shop for shoes at the end of the day when your feet are swollen.
• Use protective coverings: Wear felt pads, non-medicated corn pads, or bandages on areas prone to rubbing. Toe separators or lamb's wool between the toes can also help.
• Wear padded gloves: Use gloves when handling tools or pad tool handles with cloth tape or covers.